Modern human DNA analyses with special reference to the inner dual-structure model of Yaponesian

Previous studies suggested two major migration events during the Jomon and Yayoi periods that affected genetic diversity of modern Japanese (Yaponesians). We explored possibility a three-wave model by examining three datasets human DNA: (1) whole mitochondrial (mt) DNA genomes 1642 Yaponesians; (2) mtDNA haplogroup frequencies 59105 Yaponesians from 47 prefectures; (3) genome-wide SNP data (Ainu, Okinawa) whole-genome sequence Yamato individuals, Funadomari F23 individual, East Asian populations (Korean, northern Chinese, southern Chinese). Past population size change was estimated based on dataset 1, we clearly observed steep increase after period. Principal-component analysis phylogenetic network were applied to 2, confirmed pattern consistent with our model. An admixture program used 3, found two- three-layer models are both compatible these data. Taken together, provide support for three-wave, ‘inner dual-structure’